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Animal Genotyping
Types of Genetic Variation
Animal genotyping is the process of determining and analyzing the genotypes of individual or groups of animals, using a range of experimental techniques and analytical methods for studying genetic variation and polymorphisms between individuals or species. BioVenic specializes in offering scientific research services for animal genotyping and provides comprehensive solutions. We utilize cutting-edge genotyping techniques, such as high-throughput sequencing and SNP analysis, to guarantee precision and dependability. Additionally, we possess advanced technology and instrumentation to fully meet your scientific research needs.
Types of Genetic Variation
| Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | SNPs are the most prevalent form of genetic variation in the genome, referring to the existence of two or more alleles at a single nucleotide position in a DNA sequence. |
| Microsatellite | Microsatellite, also identified as Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR), is a type of genetic marker that is widely present in genomes. It is characterized by short sequences (1-6 bases) of nucleotide units that can be repeated numerous times to develop a varying number of repeats. |
| Insertion/Deletion variants | DNA fragments can be inserted or deleted in the genome, causing changes in a gene's structure or function. |
| Copy number variation (CNV) | This occurs when the number of genes in the genome changes, resulting in the overexpression or deletion of a gene. |
Fig.1 Schematic Diagram of Genetic Variation. 1
Animal Genotyping
Microarray technology is a high-throughput analysis method in which thousands to millions of known DNA or RNA probes are immobilized on a microarray. The DNA of the sample being tested hybridizes with the microarray and is scanned for hybridization fluorescence signals to identify the genotypes of these probe loci. We provide microarray chips design and customization, including gene expression microarrays, SNP microarrays, CNV microarrays, miRNA microarrays and methylation microarrays.
- Reduced-Representation Genome Sequencing (RRGS)
It entails employing restriction endonucleases for enriching enzymatically cleaved genomic DNA, thereby enriching fragments associated with these cleavage sites and sequencing them further. This method is characterized by its easy-to-follow experimental steps, low cost, and capability to generate genome-wide genetic polymorphism labels without reliance on a reference genome. Here are three frequently used approaches and their precise distinctions.
| GBS | RAD | ddRAD | |
| Enzymatic cleavage | Single enzymatic excision. | Single enzyme cleavage. | Dual enzyme digestion. |
| Fragment selection | PCR amplification efficiency. | Ultrasonic interruption. | Electrophoretic cleavage. |
| Library construction | Simple. | Cumbersome. | Simple. |
| Labelling density/Mb | 5-40 | 30-500 | 0.3-200 |
| Number of markers | Less. | High. | Medium. |
| Label density | Poor control. | Poor controllability. | Highly controllable. |
| Label sequencing depth | Inconsistent. | Inconsistent. | Inconsistent. |
| Inconsistent | < 300 bp | < 300 bp | 300-500 bp |
| Scope of application | Large samples and complex genomes. | Research necessitating high marker density. | Large samples and complex genomes. |
- SNP Assay
PCR-based animal SNP genotyping tools use PCR amplification technology in combination with SNP locus-specific primers or specific enzymatic sites to achieve genotypic identification of SNP loci. Unique DNA fragment lengths or product characteristics produced during amplification allow for determining individual animal genotype by analyzing these distinctions. This method has many benefits, including being fast, accurate, precise, and affordable.
Analysis Services
Genomic characterization and analysis aim to understand genetic characteristics, genotypes, and variations in animal genomes.
Determining paternity and family lineage by analyzing genetic markers or DNA sequences among individuals.
Assessment of genetic diversity, including gene flow, levels of genetic variation, and the status of genetic equilibrium in animal populations.
Genomic selection and high-quality genetic screening are used in animal breeding to select individuals carrying favorable genotypes for selective breeding.
The diagnosis and study of genetic diseases in animals aim to determine whether they carry genetic mutations or variations associated with genetic diseases.
Study of genetic structure and genetic drift in animal populations.
Genotyping VS Sequencing
| Genotyping | Sequencing | |
| Definition | Technique to determine known sequence variation. | Technique to study or identify the whole sequence or gene. |
| Principle | DNA hybridization and amplification. | DNA amplification. |
| Investigations | Known sequence variants. | Known and unknown sequence variants. |
| Data Obtained | Less. | Huge. |
| Cost | Cheaper comparison to sequencing. | Costlier. |
| Examples | FISH, DNA microarray and SNP array. | Sanger sequencing, exome sequencing and WGS. |
Why Choose Us?
BioVenic provides a range of animal typing services, offering personalized genotyping solutions to meet your specific needs and research objectives.
BioVenic’s team is made up of genetics specialists, bioinformatics experts and lab technicians who can provide you with top-quality data analysis and interpretation.
BioVenic guarantees efficient delivery of test results and efficient service, while keeping your data safe and secure.
BioVenic offers a wide range of research services for animal genotyping, that help you to explore the genome in detail, to search for links between unidentified genotypes and characteristics, or to genotype recognized variations. If you have any enquiries or research requirements, please do not hesitate to contact us. We are excited to offer you excellent research services. If you want to learn more about our animal genotyping services, please get access through the following links.
Reference
- Kockum, Ingrid; et al. "Overview of Genotyping Technologies and Methods." Current Protocols 3.4 (2023): e727.