Canine Lyme Disease

Lyme disease, medically termed Lyme borreliosis, is a complex systemic disorder with the potential to affect both humans and animals. It is a prevalent tick-borne illness, exerting its influence on canines worldwide. The root cause of this ailment can be attributed to the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Transmission primarily occurs through the bites of infected ticks, most notably the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus).

Cause and Effect of Canine Lyme Disease

Lyme disease was initially detected in the town of Lyme, Connecticut, during the 1970s, when a group of individuals exhibited peculiar symptoms. Since then, the disease has also emerged as a significant health concern for canines. When an infected tick attaches to a dog and feeds on its blood, the bacterium can infiltrate its bloodstream. As time elapses, these bacteria have the potential to disseminate throughout the body, giving rise to diverse health complications.

Fig.1 Structural diagram of B. burgdorferi.^1,2

The primary carrier responsible for transmitting Lyme disease is the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis). These ticks commonly inhabit wooded areas, tall grasses, and shrubs, thereby heightening dogs' vulnerability to exposure during outdoor endeavors. It is worth noting that these ticks are also recognized as transmitters of Lyme disease in specific regions, including the Midwestern and Eastern United States, as well as Canada.

Fig.2 The cycle of B. burgdorferi needs both a suitable animal host and a capable Ixodes tick.^3.4

Signs and Symptoms in Canine

Recognizing the indications and manifestations of Lyme disease in dogs is paramount for early identification and timely intervention. It is crucial to acknowledge that not all infected dogs exhibit clinical signs, which presents a challenge in diagnosing the disease solely based on symptoms. Nonetheless, several common signs and symptoms associated with canine Lyme disease include the following,

• Lameness
  Lameness represents one of the prevailing and initial indications of Lyme disease in dogs. This lameness is frequently accompanied by joint pain and swelling, causing discomfort and mobility issues for the affected canine.
• Fever
  Infected dogs may experience recurring or persistent fever, indicating an immune response to the infection.
• Lethargy
  Infected dogs may experience intermittent or persistent fever, which serves as an indication of the immune system's response to the infection.
• Loss of Appetite
  A decrease in appetite or refusal to eat can be observed in infected dogs.
• Swollen Lymph Nodes
  Enlarged lymph nodes may be palpable in some cases, indicating an immune response to the infection.

In severe cases or when left untreated, Lyme disease can lead to more serious complications affecting the kidneys, heart, or nervous system.

Diagnosis of Canine Lyme Disease

Accurate diagnosis of canine Lyme disease is critical for effective management and treatment. BioVenic will determine the most appropriate diagnostic method based on the dog's clinical presentation and history of tick exposure. Commonly used diagnostic methods include,

• Immunodiagnostics
  We help customers develop methods and kits such as ELISA and SNAP to detect the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in canine blood.
• Molecular Diagnostic
  We help customers develop molecular diagnostic tests such as PCR to detect Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in blood or joint fluid samples.

How Is Canine Lyme Disease Treated?

The treatment of Lyme disease generally entails the administration of antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria and address the accompanying symptoms. Commonly prescribed antibiotics for this purpose include doxycycline, amoxicillin, and ceftriaxone. The duration of treatment varies depending on the severity and stage of the disease.

BioVenic, as a leading company in the field of veterinary healthcare with over 20 years of experience, has established a strong foundation in drug development for various animal diseases, including canine Lyme disease. Our expertise enables us to provide comprehensive R&D services for developing effective drugs targeting this condition.

Prevention of Canine Lyme Disease

Prevention plays a vital role in reducing the risk of Lyme disease in dogs. BioVenic, as a leading company in the field, recognizes the importance of preventive measures and has developed effective solutions to combat tick-borne diseases.

• Tick Control
  Implementing tick control strategies is crucial to reduce the exposure of dogs to infected ticks. BioVenic offers a range of tick control solutions, such as topical treatments and collars, which effectively repel and kill ticks.
• Environmental Management
  Maintaining a tick-free environment is essential. Regularly mowing lawns, clearing tall grasses and shrubs, and minimizing exposure to tick-infested areas can help reduce the risk of tick bites.
• Tick Checks
  Conduct thorough tick checks on your dog after outdoor activities, paying close attention to commonly infested areas like the ears, armpits, and groin. Promptly removing any attached ticks can prevent transmission of the bacteria.
• Vaccination
  Vaccination can help stimulate a dog's immune system to mount a protective response against Borrelia burgdorferi. BioVenic can help you develop a practical Lyme disease vaccine to prevent the disease.

By implementing preventive measures, such as effective tick control, proactive environmental management, regular and thorough tick checks, as well as appropriate vaccination protocols, we can substantially diminish the likelihood of our dogs acquiring this illness. Consistent veterinary examinations, encompassing comprehensive blood tests, can play a pivotal role in identifying the disease early and facilitating prompt intervention when necessary.

Canine Lyme disease is a significant concern for dog owners worldwide. BioVenic continues to lead the way in innovative research and development to combat Lyme disease in canines. With our extensive experience and dedication to the well-being of animals, we strive to provide effective solutions and support for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Lyme disease. For more information, please feel free to contact us.

References

1. Kumar, Bharath, et al. "Periplasmic flagella in Borrelia burgdoferi function to maintain cellular integrity upon external stress." PloS one 12.9 (2017): e0184648.
2. Image retrieved from Figure 1 "Schematic of B. burgdorferistructural organization." Kumar, Bharath, et al., 2017, used under [CC BY 4.0], the image title was changed to "Structural diagram of B. burgdorferi."
3. Lindsø, Lars K., Hildegunn Viljugrein, and Atle Mysterud. "Vector competence of Ixodes ricinus instars for the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in different small mammalian hosts." Parasites & Vectors17.1 (2024): 23.
4. Image retrieved from Figure 1 "The successful transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.requires both a competent vertebrate reservoir host and a competent Ixodes spp. tick vector." Lindsø, Lars K, et al., 2024, used under [CC BY 4.0], the image title was changed to "The cycle of B. burgdorferi needs both a suitable animal host and a capable Ixodes tick."