Feed Trichothecenes Solution

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Feed Trichothecenes Solution

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Origin and Classification Impacts of Trichothecenes on Animals Feed Trichothecenes Solutions Service Workflow Why Choose Us?

Trichothecenes, a group of more than 200 toxins, share a common tricyclic 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) core structure and are considered as secondary metabolites of Fungi. At BioVenic, we have devised several analysis techniques to detect trichothecenes in diverse sample types. By integrating various animal models and animal nutritional metabolite analysis services, our feed trichothecenes solution aids in the development of feed additives and biological detoxification processes for trichothecenes.

Origin and Classification of Trichothecenes

Genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Spicellum, Stachybotrys, Cephalosporium, Trichoderma, and Trichothecium are known to produce trichothecenes. These toxins are categorized into four groups (Types A, B, C, and D) based on the EPT substitution pattern and can be classified as nonmacrocyclic (e.g., deoxynivalenol [DON], nivalenol, T-2 toxin) or macrocyclic (e.g., satratoxin, roridin, verrucarin).

Type A: Comprises compounds with a hydroxyl group, an ester function, or no oxygen substitution at C-8.
Type B: Contains a keto (carbonyl) function at C-8, often with a C-7 hydroxyl group in Fusarium.
Type C: Features a C-7/C-8 epoxide.
Type D: Includes an extra ring connecting the C-4 and C-15 positions.

Fig. 1 Classification of trichothecene structures^1,2

Impacts of Trichothecenes on Animals

Trichothecenes are swiftly absorbed and have a rapid impact on proliferating tissues, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. Deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin) stands out as one of the most prevalent trichothecenes detected in animal feeds, alongside the significant presence of T-2 toxin. The table below outlines the effects of DON and T-2 toxin on various animal types:

Table. 1 Impacts of DON and T-2 toxin on animals

Trichothecene Type	Animal Type	Effects
DON	Pigs	Reduces growth performance. Potentially causes vomiting. Decreases the digestibility of essential amino acids. Impairs liver and kidney function. May suppress the immune system at high doses or stimulate it at low doses.
	Chickens	Impairs intestinal morphology, nutrient absorption, barrier function, and the innate immune response.
	Ruminants	Ruminants are extremely resistant to DON.
	Dogs and cats	Reduces food intake.
T-2 toxin	Pigs	Typically manifests as alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) in pigs. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia, hemorrhage, shock, and death.
	Poultry	Inhibition of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis; cytotoxicity; immunomodulation; cell lesions in the digestive tract, organs, and skin; neural disturbances; and decreased performance in poultry production.
	Cattle	Associated with feed refusal, production losses, gastroenteritis lesions, intestinal hemorrhages, and death in dairy cattle.
	Horses	Oral lesions reported in some cases.
	Cats	Signs of toxicity include bloody feces, vomiting, hind-leg ataxia, and conjunctivitis.

Feed Trichothecenes Solutions

We have curated a diverse suite of analytical technologies tailored for various types of trichothecenes. Our comprehensive solutions extend to the development of feed additives for trichothecene detoxification, the implementation of detoxification biological processes, and trichothecene-centric animal study solutions.

Trichothecene Analysis Solutions

Understanding the intricate interaction of these toxins within cellular environments involves a deep comprehension of their structure and behaviors. Techniques such as X-ray Crystallography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy aid in studying trichothecene structures. Our Animal Feed Mycotoxin Analysis services offer rapid testing methods for trichothecenes that are both semi-quantitative and quantitative. Our assay development solution fosters the creation of innovative detection methods for trichothecenes.

Key methods for trichothecene analysis include:
Immunochemical methods: ELISAs, LFDs, dipstick tests, fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), immunofiltration assays
Biosensor assays
Thin-layer chromatography
Raman spectroscopy
Gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a specific detector.

Feed Additive Development for Trichothecenes

Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in trichothecene-induced toxicity. Incorporating antioxidant agents such as vitamins, quercetin, selenium, glucomannan, nucleotides, antimicrobial peptides, bacteria, polyunsaturated fatty acids, oligosaccharides, and plant extracts can effectively mitigate trichothecene-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, mycotoxin-binding agents serve as feed additives that shield animals from trichothecene exposure. Our Feed Additive Development for Mycotoxins empowers researchers to gauge the efficacy of potential additives and craft formulations that curb the adverse effects of trichothecenes on animal well-being and growth.

Fig. 2 Preventive effects of antioxidants on trichothecene-induced oxidative stress^3,4

Development of Biological Detoxification for Trichothecenes in Animal Feed

Deploying biological detoxification methods, including bacterial and yeast biotransformation, degradation, and enzyme breakdown, offers environmentally friendly, targeted, and mild reactions. Our solutions facilitate the identification of trichothecene-degrading microorganisms, the development of trichothecene-degrading enzymes through genetic exploration, and the optimization of fermentation procedures to minimize trichothecene levels in animal feeds.

Animal Study Solutions for Trichothecenes

Our portfolio encompasses a diverse array of in vitro and in vivo animal models. When evaluating the health risks posed by trichothecenes, understanding the bioaccessibility of these toxins is paramount. By simulating in vitro digestion in various animal models, we assess the bioaccessibility of trichothecenes. Additionally, our animal in vivo models enable the evaluation of the effectiveness of biological detoxification methods. Leveraging our animal nutrition and metabolism analysis platform and omics techniques, we delve deep into the intricate biochemical alterations observed in animals affected by trichothecenes.

Service Workflow of Feed Trichothecenes Solution

Why Choose Us?

We offer an array of assays for various trichothecenes and are adept at crafting bespoke assays tailored to specific research requirements.

Our animal research platform houses a diverse range of in vivo and in vitro animal models. This enables us to facilitate assessments of trichothecenes toxicity, develop detoxification strategies or additives, and conduct a spectrum of experiments to enhance research outcomes.

With our high-throughput omics research platform, we delve into analyzing changes in metabolomes, microbiomes, genomes, and more in animals impacted by trichothecenes. This comprehensive approach enhances our understanding of the complex effects of trichothecenes.

At our core, BioVenic is committed to delivering comprehensive solutions on trichothecenes for animal nutrition researchers. Whether you require testing for trichothecenes, the formulation of feed additives, biological detoxification methods, or the execution of related animal studies, we stand ready to provide tailored solutions. Contact us, and let us tailor the ideal approach for your research initiatives.

References

Image retrieved from Figure 1 "Classification of trichothecene structures." McCormick et al., 2011, used under [CC BY 3.0]. Without modification.
McCormick, Susan P., et al. "Trichothecenes: from simple to complex mycotoxins." Toxins 3.7 (2011): 802-814.
Image retrieved from Figure 4 "Schematic illustration of the preventive effects of various antioxidants on trichothecene-induced oxidative stress." Wu et al., 2017, used under [CC BY 4.0]. The original title was changed to "Preventive effects of antioxidants on trichothecene-induced oxidative stress".
Wu, Qinghua, et al. "Antioxidant agents against trichothecenes: new hints for oxidative stress treatment." Oncotarget 8.66 (2017): 110708.