Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) stands as a profoundly impactful viral affliction, presenting considerable hurdles to the global swine industry. This disease is attributed to the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRS exerts its influence on the reproductive and respiratory systems of pigs, culminating in issues such as reproductive insufficiency, respiratory discomfort, diminished growth rates, and more.

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the structure of PRRSV viral particles.¹

PRRSV Aetiology

PRRSV belongs to the Arteriviridae family and the Arterivirus genus. As a single-stranded RNA virus, it showcases notable genetic diversity, presenting two key genotypes, the European (Type 1) and the North American (Type 2) genotypes. Dissemination of PRRSV is chiefly facilitated by direct contact, as well as via contaminated surfaces and airborne particles. This virus possesses the capacity to endure in the environment, thereby playing a role in its ongoing transmission within and among different herds.

Fig. 2 Damage of different serotypes of PRRSV to pigs.²

Signs and Symptoms of PRRS

Within sows, indicative signs within the realm of reproduction encompass irregular estrus cycles, diminished conception rates, a heightened occurrence of mummified fetuses, and an elevated prevalence of stillbirths. Among growing pigs, respiratory indicators manifest as coughing accelerated and strained breathing, and discharge from the nasal passages. Pigs afflicted by PRRSV might additionally display reduced appetite, lethargy, and compromised growth rates.

Diagnosis of PRRS

Accurate diagnosis of PRRS is critical for effective disease management. BioVenic provides customers with comprehensive PRRS diagnostic solutions.

• We develop PCR laboratory methods and kits for our customers to detect the presence of PRRSV and determine its genetic signature.
• We also develop serological tests such as ELISA for our customers to detect PRRSV antibodies, indicating exposure to the virus.

Treatment

Treatment of PRRS primarily focuses on supportive care, as there is currently no specific antiviral treatment available for the disease. Supportive care, including proper nutrition, hydration, and environmental management, can help mitigate the impact of the disease and aid in the recovery of affected pigs. PRRS compromises the immune system of pigs, making them more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections. Therefore, appropriate antibiotic therapy is used to control secondary bacterial infections.

It is important to note that specific treatment and management strategies may vary depending on the severity of the disease and individual herd conditions. Collaboration with BioVenic is critical to developing a comprehensive treatment plan tailored to the specific needs of affected herds.

Prevention and Control

Implementing strict biosecurity measures is essential to prevent the introduction and spread of PRRSV within farms. These measures include limiting contact with infected pigs, ensuring proper sanitation practices, and controlling the movement of animals and equipment.

Vaccination is an essential pillar in the preventive strategy against PRRS. At BioVenic, we provide comprehensive services in vaccine development and create personalized vaccination protocols that correspond to the prevailing PRRS strains in specific regions, as well as the distinct goals of individual farms. Our vaccine development strategy prominently features the European and North American PRRSV genotypes, which are well-established strains frequently utilized in our vaccine formulations.

As a leading company in the field of animal health, BioVenic is committed to supporting the swine industry in its fight against PRRS. Through ongoing research and development, we strive to provide innovative solutions to prevent, control, and manage PRRS. If you want to work with us on PRRS, please feel free to contact us.

References

1. Montaner-Tarbes, et al. "Key Gaps in the Knowledge of the Porcine Respiratory Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)." Frontiers in veterinary science vol. 6 38. 20 (2019).
2. Rukarcheep, Dran, et al. "Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces tight junction barrier dysfunction and cell death in porcine glandular endometrial epithelial cells." Theriogenology vol. 185 (2022): 34-42.