Recombinant Bovine Beta-Defensin 103A, N-His

Bovine beta-defensin 103A (BD103A) is a member of the beta-defensin family, which are part of the innate immune system in cattle. These antimicrobial peptides are expressed in various tissues, including the mammary glands, and play a crucial role in the first line of defense against invading pathogens. BD103A, in particular, has been shown to exhibit bactericidal activity against major mastitis pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), primarily through membrane disruption. Its expression is regulated by various factors, including hormones, plant-derived compounds, and dietary energy imbalance, with the toll-like receptors (TLRs)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway playing a significant role in its induction. Given the increasing concern over antimicrobial resistance, the potential of BD103A as a natural antimicrobial agent has garnered considerable attention for its low cytotoxicity to host cells and its immunomodulatory properties.