Mouse Anti-Canine Hexokinase II Monoclonal Antibody

Canine hexokinase II (HK-II) is a key enzyme in glucose metabolism, catalyzing the initial step of glycolysis by phosphorylating glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate (G-6P). This isoform is predominant in insulin-sensitive tissues such as the heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues, and is upregulated in many types of tumors, associated with the Warburg effect, which is the enhanced aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. Beyond its role in glycolysis, HK-II is recognized as a component of survival signaling pathways, controlling cellular growth, preventing mitochondrial death pathways, and enhancing autophagy. The expression of HK-II is regulated by the Akt/mTOR pathway, and it is phosphorylated by Akt, leading to increased mitochondrial binding and protection. HK-II also binds and inhibits TORC1 to facilitate autophagy in response to glucose deprivation, integrating metabolic status with the control of cell survival.